Human’s Attempt to Overrule God: The Debate Over Euthanasia Essay

Life. Did you have the unrestrained choice to choose when your life started? In the event that man didn’t have the ability to choose when life started, for what reason does man need to apply the option to end it? Life is one of the most significant things that people have. People are the most mind boggling everything being equal. A lot of time is spent bantering over start and consummation of life issues, for example, willful extermination. Willful extermination is a characterized as, a â€Å"gentle and simple death†, got from the Greek language (Keown 10). A â€Å"gentle and simple death† shows that demise would not work out easily, however by treatment or drug. For death to stop by treatment or medicine was not God’s aim for the end of human lives. To delineate, the Bible says, â€Å"Or do you not realize that your body is a sanctuary of the Holy Spirit inside you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were purchased with a cost. So prai se God in your body.† (1 Cor. 6:19-20). The body is a sanctuary and it is a blessing from God. People were purchased with a cost for a significant reason. The discussion over willful extermination is a pervasive and squeezing issue in today’s society, and potentially one of the most well known. Killing is a theme that will isolate a room of individuals by convictions. Around three years back, 22 percent of the 18 individuals from the Humane Society board surrendered over the disputable issue of killing (Humane Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate 2014). This is a discussed issue wherein many accept that an individual ought to reserve the option to settle on how they feel (EUTHANASIA Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week 2014). Willful extermination is an intensely discussed theme that is profoundly separated in light of individual conviction or religion. This is a continuous good and moral overall discussion, is the w... ...g Death; Assisted Suicide. The Economist 20 Oct. 2012: 18(US). Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. Ernst, Cheryl, and Maureen Mennie. Palliative Preference. Maclean's 24 Mar. 2014: 6. Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Killing Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week. Gloucestershire Echo [Gloucestershire, England] 5 May 2014: 17. Wellbeing Reference Center Academic. Web. 5 May 2014. Compassionate Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate. Crain's Detroit Business 10 Mar. 2014: 0001. General OneFile. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Keown, John. 1-'Deliberate Euthanasia' Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 10. Print. Keown, John. The Value of Human Life. Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 39. Print. Human’s Attempt to Overrule God: The Debate Over Euthanasia Essay Life. Did you have the unrestrained choice to choose when your life started? In the event that man didn’t have the ability to choose when life started, for what reason does man need to apply the option to end it? Life is one of the most significant things that people have. People are the most mind boggling everything being equal. A lot of time is spent bantering over start and consummation of life issues, for example, willful extermination. Willful extermination is a characterized as, a â€Å"gentle and simple death†, got from the Greek language (Keown 10). A â€Å"gentle and simple death† shows that passing would not fall into place easily, yet by treatment or drug. For death to stop by treatment or drug was not God’s goal for the end of human lives. To show, the Bible says, â€Å"Or do you not realize that your body is a sanctuary of the Holy Spirit inside you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were purchased with a cost. So laud God in your body.† (1 Cor. 6:19-20). The body is a sanctuary and it is a blessing from God. People were purchased with a cost for a significant reason. The discussion over killing is a pervasive and squeezing issue in today’s society, and potentially one of the most well known. Killing is a point that will isolate a room of individuals by convictions. Around three years back, 22 percent of the 18 individuals from the Humane Society board surrendered over the disputable issue of willful extermination (Humane Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate 2014). This is a discussed issue where many accept that an individual ought to reserve the option to choose how they feel (EUTHANASIA Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week 2014). Killing is a vigorously discussed theme that is profoundly partitioned in view of individual conviction or religion. This is a progressing good and moral overall discussion, is the w... ...g Death; Assisted Suicide. The Economist 20 Oct. 2012: 18(US). Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. Ernst, Cheryl, and Maureen Mennie. Palliative Preference. Maclean's 24 Mar. 2014: 6. Worldwide Issues in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Killing Will Be Debated at an Event in Cheltenham This Week. Gloucestershire Echo [Gloucestershire, England] 5 May 2014: 17. Wellbeing Reference Center Academic. Web. 5 May 2014. Others conscious Society CEO Search Reignites Euthanasia Debate. Crain's Detroit Business 10 Mar. 2014: 0001. General OneFile. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Keown, John. 1-'Deliberate Euthanasia' Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 10. Print. Keown, John. The Value of Human Life. Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. 39. Print.

Canadian Economy and Monetary Policy Effectiveness

Question: Talk about the Canadian Economy and Monetary Policy Effectiveness. Answer: Presentation The paper means to concentrate in detail the economy of Canada. The paper will take a gander at the different parts of national bank working in the nation; financial circumstance in the nation. The monetary situation of the nation should be glanced related to the national bank and its measures. The national bank of forceful economies by and large front burdens loan fee slices to fuel financial development. Anyway we will examine this angles corresponding to the Canadian economy. We will all talk about perspectives on ongoing remarks by Mr. Morrison (Australian Chief Treasurer) and perceive how and if fits the Canadian economy combination. The paper additionally expects to take a gander at how national banks and its central estimates which is the money related arrangement as a device getting less successful. Some ongoing significant financial analyst have in the course of the most recent couple of years have remarked on how money related strategy as an instrument is getting extremely ineffectual. The other concern which has been sickly the business sectors has been the consequences of the presidential political race in United States. Markets were expecting that democrat up-and-comer will win the political decision and there will be no significant changes or position move in the economy of United States. Anyway the sudden success of Republican Candidate Donald Trump, has expanded vulnerability in the worldwide markets. Market members are jumpy over the surprising unforeseen development and capital flights has just begun towards place of refuge resources. The other concern which is line with the vulnerability, is the position of Federal Reserve in up and coming occasions. Will the Federal Reserve have the option to keep up the progression in the framework or the market members are in for an astonishment are a portion of the key inquiries which need answer sooner rather than later. Job of Central Bank in the economy The Central Bank of Canada is known by the regular name Bank of Canada. As some other Central Bank the center capacity of the bank is to keep up low degree of swelling in the economy. As a created country this is certainly not a significant test, the significant test for Bank of Canada lies in keeping up the development force in the economy nearby least degree of expansion. According to the sanction of Bank of Canada, it is characterized that four significant elements of the bank is to keep up appropriate money related position utilizing fiscal approach; making a free from any danger budgetary framework in the economy of Canada; structure and issue cash of the nation every once in a while according to the prerequisite of the country; lastly deal with the assets for the administration. Toward the day's end Central Bank of the nation is really a main financier to the legislature of the nation. It deals with the store for the benefit of the legislature and keep up money related steadine ss of the nation. Mr. Morrisons see on viability of financial strategy In one of the ongoing meeting with ABC TV, Mr. Morrison (Chief Australian Treasurer), demonstrated that it isn't workable for Reserve bank of Australia raised worry about the failure of the bank to lessen rate further in the economy. He additionally addressed whether the present day money related strategy instruments are successful enough to do what they are expected to. This conversation on fiscal arrangement and its adequacy has been doing adjusts after Wall road Journal distributed an article completing examination of financial approach and its current monetary effect. Market analysts comprehensively has addressed whether the financial arrangement stays a powerful measure any longer to reach to debilitated economy. An ongoing diary discharged by International Monetary Fund, questions and studies the effect of money related strategy. The examination features how money related strategy are presently getting ineffectual regardless of whether the Central Bank of the nation is front st acking the arrangement rates. The explanation located is the ultra-free fiscal strategy kept up for a really long time and furthermore the expansion effect of worldwide occasions over the world. These days no nation lives in seclusion and the opening up of economies has gotten development; however it likewise purchased in concerns identified with how economies and nearby markets arrive at when the going gets intense in the bigger economies. Nations like Britain, districts like Europe and Middle-East are still in delicate condition. The unreasonable utilization of Quantitative facilitating is likewise not improving the situation, anyway business analyst over the world accepts that QE is as yet a superior measure for Central Banks than financial approach. Conversation on adequacy of the fiscal strategy In its last financial strategy audit, Bank of Canada kept up the drawn out loan fee in the economy at percent. The relating bank rate remains in the economy at 0.75% and the store rate in the economy remained at 0.25%. This is a circumstance of a ultra-free financial arrangement which has been the represent the vast majority of the created country since the situations developed post 2008 downturn over the globe. According to Bank of Canada, it is normal that worldwide economy will pick up footing in second 50% of 2016 and early piece of 2017. It is accepted that strong utilization hypothesis and wave will take the energy in the economy forward. The Bank of Canada is of the view that they will keep on being pleasing financial approach conditions till the greater part of 2018. The financial estimates will likewise be in accordance with accommodative money related approach position. Anyway according to Mr. Morrison see, it is intriguing to perceive how successful such money related strategy position is under the current worldwide monetary situation. Worry on the development pace of the nation and lodging market inconveniences Ongoing macroeconomic information has proposed some measure of shortcoming in the economy. The Bank of Canada has bombed in foreseeing the pace of development in the nation. A similar reality has been recognized by Bank of Canada in its ongoing fiscal approach survey which was declared in October 2016. The principle reason credited for this lull or erratic development rate is the flimsy lodging market. The lodging market has been confronting tremendous lull in Canada and that has been one of the significant worry for the economy. The Government of the nation has taken string activities to expand dependability in the lodging fragment, anyway starting at now no significant improvement pointer has been noticeable. This is a circumstance of a ultra-free money related arrangement which has been the represent a large portion of the created country since the situations developed post 2008 downturn over the globe. According to Bank of Canada, it is normal that worldwide economy will pick up footing in second 50% of 2016 and early piece of 2017. It is accepted that strong utilization hypothesis and wave will take the force in the economy forward. The Bank of Canada is of the view that they will keep on being obliging financial approach conditions till the vast majority of 2018. The financial estimates will likewise be in accordance with accommodative money related strategy position. Major monetary pointers Ongoing macroeconomic information has proposed some measure of shortcoming in the economy. The Bank of Canada has flopped in anticipating the pace of development in the nation. A similar actuality has been recognized by Bank of Canada in its ongoing financial arrangement survey which was reported in October 2016. The principle reason credited for this lull or capricious development rate is the shaky lodging market. The lodging market has been confronting colossal stoppage in Canada and that has been one of the significant worry for the economy. The Government of the nation has taken string activities to build security in the lodging fragment, anyway starting at now no significant improvement pointer has been noticeable. The Bank of Canada is of the view that they will keep on being pleasing money related approach conditions till the greater part of 2018. The financial estimates will likewise be in accordance with accommodative money related approach position. According to gauges from Bank of Canada it is normal that genuine GDP of the nation will develop by 1.1% in 2016, trailed by 2% in both 2017 and 2018. The center swelling in the economy is right now remaining at 2% and it is relied upon to be close by that number for some time now. What are the assessments of development for the nation? According to World Bank report it is normal that economy of Canada will develop by 1% in 2016 and 1.8% in next two years. The lodging market has been confronting enormous stoppage in Canada and that has been one of the significant worry for the economy. The national Government of the nation has taken string activities to build steadiness in the lodging section, anyway starting at now no significant improvement marker has been noticeable. The Bank of Canada is of the view that they will keep on being pleasing financial approach conditions till a large portion of 2018. The financial estimates will likewise be in accordance with accommodative money related strategy position. According to gauges from Bank of Canada it is normal that genuine GDP of the nation will develop by 1.1% in 2016, trailed by 2% in both 2017 and 2018. The center swelling in the economy is presently remaining at 2% and it is relied upon to be close by that number for some time now. What are the worldwide issues which are harming the economy? There are numerous worldwide issues which are debilitated various economies of the world. At the one apocalypse it is the BREXIT which is keeping the speculators under control, and on the opposite end it is the questionable condition post the presidential political decision brings about United States. BREXIT is presently a known marvel, anyway whether the world will see a delicate BREXIT or hard BREXIT is feeble the world markets. The solidness has been harmed and advertises are unsteady. The world markets have received rewards of open economy framework for quite a long time, and the choice outcomes in United Kingdom has brought up issue whether the world is moving towards a circumstance when shut or semi open arrangement of economies again begin picking up footing. As of late the Italian submission results have added fuel to the discussion. A hard BREXIT and as far as anyone knows comparative response in various nations of Euro bunch has the ability to acquire destruction th

Summative Assessment Example

Summative Assessment Example Summative Assessment â€" Article Example > The goals of command and control in coping with major incidentsIn any disaster response system, the command and control system plays a crucial role in coordinating the efforts of rescue and relief personnel. No matter how brave and well equipped emergency response personnel are, they will not be able to focus their efforts effectively unless they receive appropriate, accurate, and timely information and instructions. An effective command and control system must accomplish several basic goals: Appropriate emergency-response personnel must be dispatched quickly to the right place with the right equipment. Responders must be given proper instructions and information. Because the information available changes as an emergency progresses, command and control personnel must be able to supply responders with updated information and orders whenever necessary. Civilians must be provided with accurate, consistent, and timely information in order to be able effectively to help themselves and those around them. This information should be made available on both a “push” and a “pull” basisâ€"that is, it should be broadcast (or “narrowcast”) to civilians who are likely to need it, and should also be available to those who request it, e.g. by calling emergency telephone numbers. Obviously, emergency-response personnel at the scene should provide civilians with the same information and advice as is available from centralized sources, differing only as necessary to conform to specific local conditions. Information from various sourcesâ€"news media, involved civilians, emergency-response personnel, and othersâ€"must be gathered, sorted, integrated, evaluated, and communicated quickly and rapidly. Personnel from various agencies must be able to work together effectively, based on shared information and consistent instructions. This requires that all emergency responders be able to communicate with the same command and control staff; ideally, responders from differen t agencies should be able to communicate directly with one another as well. Decisions must be made quickly and correctly, and implemented with no uncertainties regarding the chain of command. “Turf wars” must never be fought in the midst of a crisis; and all relevant agencies must be ready and willing to work under a predefined, unitary command structure for the duration of the crisis. Of course, even the best command and control system cannot solve all the problems presented by natural and human-made disasters; but a well-designed and implemented command and control system can ensure that the full strength of the emergency-response system is brought to bear in a timely and effective manner, so that the effects of disaster are mitigated to the maximum extent possible. Components of an effective command and control systemIn order to accomplish the goals outlined above, a command and control system must include a number of components, which can be grouped into several interlockin g categories: policies, personnel, equipment, and practice. (9/11 Commission Staff, pp. 4-6)Policies: In order for the emergency-response system to be ready to function at peak efficiency on minimal notice, policies must be formulated well in advance and effectively communicated to all relevant agencies and personnel. These policies must define how the system will respond to a crisis, so that only decisions specifically related to the unique details of a particular emergency remain to be made during the emergency itself:

The Role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection - 2503 Words

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Reversing Type 2 Diabetes Is It Possible Essay

Reversing Type 2 Diabetes - Is It Possible? By Paul D Kennedy | Submitted On March 16, 2014 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Paul D Kennedy In the long-term, diabetes causes very serious medical problems such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, neuropathy, glaucoma, cataracts and retinopathy, a weakened immune system, and digestive problems. Though these medical conditions develop slowly, eventually they can be devastating. Persons who let their diabetes get out of control risk going blind, experiencing a variety of infections, having a foot or leg amputated, requiring kidney dialysis or a transplant, or becoming incapacitated or dying from a stroke or heart attack, among a host of other serious outcomes. Thus taking steps to beat diabetes is critical. It s not that hard - so it can be done. Diabetes and your genes There is a persistent myth that diabetes is all about poor diets, unhealthy life-styles and obesity. While it may be true that most people who are diabetic are overweight, some thin people also get diabetes. And some people who have an unhealthy lifestyle manage to avoid the disease. Why so? 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Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source is Adipose Tissue (lipid cells). 3- The third source is The Blood. †¢ Stem cells types: 1- The first type of Stem Cells is Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) . 2- The second type of Stem Cells isRead MoreA Vegetarian Diet Is The Best Possible Diet For A Person Because It Prevents Diseases2224 Words   |  9 PagesA vegan diet is the best possible diet for a person because it prevents diseases. In Sarah Barns’ view, â€Å"Vegans and vegetarians typically have†¦ a lower risk of death from heart disease, and lower overall cancer rates. Science and research confirms that you don’t need meat to be healthy at all, in fact statistics point to quite the opposite† (â€Å"Live Longer, Boost Immunity, Slim Down: 10 Reasons Why You Should Go Vegan In 2015, Daily Express† par. 3). Basically, Sarah Barns is saying that having a vegan

What time you call this Free Essays

She returned a few seconds later, there was a little glimmer of satisfaction on her face. She paused in the centre of the’ hall, as though wondering what to do next. Then, suddenly, she turned and went across into her husband’s study. We will write a custom essay sample on What time you call this? or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the desk she found his address book, and after hunting through it for a while she picked up the phone and dialled a number. â€Å"Hello,† she said. â€Å"Listen – this is Nine East Sixty-second Street . . . Yes, that’s right. Could you send someone round as soon as possible, do you think? Yes, it seems to be stuck between the second, and third floors. At least, that’s where the indicator’s pointing . . . Right away? Oh, that’s very kind of you. You see, my legs aren’t any too good for walking up a lot of stairs. Thank you so much. Good-bye.† She replaced the receiver and sat there at her husband’s desk, patiently waiting for the man who would be coming soon to repair the lift. â€Å"What time do you call this?† she said The repairman replied, † well sorry for running late but my car broke down† â€Å"Oh well don’t worry but I will not be paying you full price† she declared He replied in a rudely manner â€Å"Okay madam, I’m really sorry, it wasn’t entirely my fault† She interrupted â€Å"Quick, quick!!! I’ll have to dust the house before my husband comes home, im tired as it is† The repairman started fixing the elevator, it was continuously playing up. the repair man said â€Å"this is too dangerous to be in use and someone should have been called out weeks ago other than that it should be working in any second now† She replied, â€Å"Oh thanks dear, I shall be paying you nineteen dollars† â€Å"Oh yes that will do† he said with a disappointed sigh. The repairman started fixing the elevator, he took out a few tools, a spanner, screw driver and a hand drill, he tried and tried to open the jammed elevator but it wouldn’t open, Mrs Foster saw this so she offered to help, † do you need help there mister?† â€Å"Well†, he said with a surprised face â€Å"mrs I haven’t got the right tools so ill have to come back tomorrow† â€Å"No you will not!!! I need it fixed now, so it will get fixed now also I have some tools under the sink in the kitchen† she declared Ill have a look, hopefully you have a crowbar, that’s all I need† he replied Fast, fast I don’t much have time,† she said. So the man got the crowbar, put one end in the gap and put all his weight in the other , Then a little gap emerged and a sudden stench infested the nose of the repairman. â€Å"Orrghh that bloody smells† he shouted â€Å"What, what is the matter?† She shouted Mrs foster then went towards the elevator and said â€Å"open up we’ll see what has made that ghastly smell if you be quick† Then man opened up the rest of the lift so they could see what in the lift. â€Å"Oh my little smooch, my cat, my cat its dead† she wailed â€Å"I better get a bag† he said with a confused face. He got a bag for the cat. Mrs foster was surprised and disappointed, and she showed a glimmer of dissatisfaction, the cry sounded rather unreal, not usual cry that her pet had got stuck in the lift and died but an obvious exaggerated cry. â€Å"Here’s nineteen dollars,† she said â€Å"Oh thanks, hopefully no problems should reoccur† he said So the man left the house, she was slightly upset. She got in the elevator and went up to her bedroom, she put down the suitcase and lied down on the luxurious bed that she had, it consists of a king bed, which had a crown looking thing at each corner of the bed. Half asleep she heard a creeping noise of footsteps; she thought it was nothing but her mind playing on her. The noise got closer and closer, but she was getting sleepier and sleepier. With her eyes slightly closed she could feel a shadow over her, She reluctantly opened her eyes and to her amazement it was Mr foster, â€Å"Its alright your safe with me, go back to sleep† he muttered While she was falling into deep asleep, he quietly went to the closet and opens the draw He took a sharp object and walked over to the bed was went towards Mrs foster, put his hand in a plastic bag then stabbed her in the neck. How to cite What time you call this?, Essays

Impact of Brand Image on Customer Purchasing Behaviour

Question: Describe about the Impact of Brand Image on Customer Purchasing Behaviour . Answer: Introduction The current chapter will focused on proposing the investigation of the impact of brand image on the customer purchasing behaviour. The chapter will be inclined to initiate the research work with a proper research questions as well as research objectives with the relevance of the topic. In addition to that, the chapter will provide a proper background of the study, relevance, justification as well as value of the research. The introduction will therefore immensely help the entire research project. In order to conduct the research Apple has been chosen for further evaluation. Background of the Study In the current business era of 21st century it has been observed that majority of the business entities extensively focus on enhancing their brand image. The current business market is highly competitive so the organizations need to attract the customers with various means. In this context the brand image has been proved to be the most influential form of obtaining customer attention as well as loyalty. According to the traditional sense, the brand image refers to the customers perception of any specific organization. The perception is generally formed by the customers on the basis of categorizing several attributes of any given organization. That is why the organizations attempt to highlight a positive set of business practices so as to impress the customer base (Sashi 2012). Background of the Company Apple is one of the most popular electronics as well as IT companies in the current business world. It has been formed in the year of 1976 with a starting business of computers, associated software and peripherals. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were the founder of the company and had a great contribution behind the success of the company. However, in the year of 2001 the company took their entrance in the mobile industry by launching first iPhone. Currently, the company owns the market capital around the amount of $586 billion (Apple.au 2016). Figure 1: Logo of Apple (Source: Apple.au 2016) Relevance to business research In the contemporary business world the organizations faces a great problem regarding the ever-growing competition between several organizations. It has been observed throughout the market that there are various substitute products available of various prices. Therefore, the organizations have perceived a growing need of developing a positive customer perception where their organization is concerned. In order to identify the most appropriate approach of brand image the organizations need to evaluate the factors those highly influence the purchasing behaviour of the customer. Therefore, considering all the facts it can be concluded that the current business research is highly relevant. Justification of the topic In the current competitive market it has successfully attained that the growths of the organizations are highly depended on the customers positive perception regarding the companies business activities. At the same time, customers purchasing style is highly influenced by several factors. Therefore, the investigation on those factors will eventually disclose the working of customer perception. This investigation will be highly crucial for the business growth. Henceforth, the topic is immensely justified regarding the current market scenario. Value of the research The research will be highly helpful for the business units in respect to gaining the necessary understanding on the exact nature of customer perception. The organizations will be benefitted by the research proposal as they can set their business activities according to the research findings. The proper visual on the impact of brand image on the customer purchasing behaviour will also be useful for the future researchers as they can understand the research topic with a greater clarity (Bryman and Bell 2015). Research Questions and Research Objectives Research Questions The research questions are highly influential for paving the pathway of the research work. The research questions are mentioned below What are the aspects of brand image? What are the drivers of customer purchasing behaviour? How does the brand image influence purchasing behaviour of customers? What are the possible ways to enhance the brand image? Research Objectives The research objectives are highly influential for guiding the research with a proper framework and motivation. These objectives are mentioned below To investigate the aspects of brand image To find out the drivers of customer purchasing behaviour To point out the influence of brand image on customer purchasing behaviour To recommend the ways to enhance the brand image Literature Review Brand image A brands image is an intangible, perceived, and qualitative summation of customers combined intellectual and salient values of a brand that has been derived, formulated and experienced by the customers that are associated with the brand. Brand image can be understood as general impression and attitude held by customers about the brand (Aaker 2012). Therefore, brand image is the views held by customers about the brand. It is dependent on unique set of benefits that the brand provides and its overall impression in the minds of the customers. Construction and maintenance of positive brand image is one of the crucial prerequisite of brand management. Development of favourable brand image is dependent on functional, symbolic, or experimental elements of the companys products and services. In short, it can be said that brand image is the customers perception about the products and services that the brand offers (Kapferer 2012). Every successful company takes great caution while positioning its products and services to the target customers as the products and services offered by a company helps in development of brand image. In addition, various marketing and promotional activities undertaken by a company also helps in development of brand image. Brand image is like an identity or character of the brand among the customers and have direct relation with the customer buying behaviour. Brand image is not just a mental image of the brand but also the emotional association of customers with the brand. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies that help in creation of positive image of the brand and an ideal brand image can be one that truly reflects brands (companys) vision and mission (Wu 2013). Brand image is further consists of many elements that helps in creation of brand image such as unique logo design that reflects organizations core value, tagline and slogan that briefly describes organizations offerings, and other supporting brand identifies that helps in creation of desired brand image. It is important to understand that brand image is not created but automatically formed; however, an organization can adopt some strategies to direct the formation of desired brand image in the minds of the customers (Bonk 2015). Customer buying behaviour Customer behaviour consists of a set of activities in which customers possess, consume and dispose products and services. Customer buying behaviour is stage prior to the purchasing decisions in the purchase decision process. In this stage customers perception and attitude plays an important in determining the actual purchase decision. Customers intention of buying a specific brand is determined by assessment of all available brands and customers perception of the competitors brand. While making a purchase decision customers access various criteria such as prices, features, quality, ease of use, past experience with the brand and overall brand image. Therefore, it can be said that brand image plays an important role in influencing customer buying behavior (Malik et al. 2013). Impact of brand image on customers purchasing intentions Brand image plays an important role in customer buying behaviour. As discussed, brand image is the overall impression of the brand in the minds of the customers that have derived from various sources. Promotional strategies adopted by a brand, business practices adopted by the company and customers experience with the brand all helps in development of brand image (Nebenzahl and Jaffe 2013). Customers tend to form various associations with the brand and these associations helps in development of brand image. The brand image is developed on the basis of subjective perceptions of the customers about the company and further determines customers buying behaviour or future association with the brand. Some examples of brand image can be Apple is associated with innovation and quality, Toyota is associated with reliability, and Volvo for its comport and safety. Similarly, every business organization aims at creating favourable brand image in the minds of the customers in order to increase r evenues and long-term sustained business operations (Aaker and Biel 2013). The importance of favourable brand image has assumed greater importance in the present context as customers have become more concerned about the products and services they consume. The underlying principle behind a brand image is that customers are not only buying a product but also the image associated with the brand. Therefore, is important for a company to project brand image that is positive, unique and value oriented. In order to develop a desired brand image the company can employ strategies like advertising, packaging, public relations and other promotional tools (Severi and Ling 2013). The brand image that a company projects or aims to achieve must be such that allows the brand to differentiate itself from competitors and create a competitive advantage for the company. The brand image is associated with symbolic, functional and other benefit attributes that helps the customers to make associations with the brand (Wu et al. 2015). Marketing professionals aims at enhancing the brand image by adopting various marketing strategies to influence customers perception and attitude about the brand in order to stimulate consumers purchasing behaviour of the brand, thereby increasing sales, market share and brand equity. Positive brand image can be established by connecting unique and strong brand association with the customers memories about the brand through marketing campaigns. Customers perception about a brand is formed from five important considerations; first is the functionality of the brand, second, the social image associated with owning the brand, third is customers recognition and emotional attachment with the brand, fourth, the relation between brand value and functionality, and, fifth is the customers trust in the brand (Cheung et al. 2014). Brand image and loyalty With the proliferation of brands in the market, customers make their purchase decision based on brand image rather than on products itself. Moreover, when brand image of a product is consistent with consumers concept of self, customers are more likely to purchase such brands products. Brand image has a significant impact on customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. A positive brand image creates exclusive association of customers with the brand and increases brand loyalty. Gap in study The pervious researches have focussed more on customers emotional associations with the brand in evaluating the brand image, however, as discussed brand image is dependent on many elements such as utility of the product, marketing activities undertaken by companies to enhance brand image, and overall personality of the brand. Therefore, future studies could explore relation between brand image and customer purchase decision in context of organizational strategies of operating in the market. Methodology The research methodology is deeply focused on the selection of appropriate methods for conducting the research. The proper methodology will be highly effective for effective outcome of the research work. Research Design The research designs are the main part of methodologies which will select the proper hypothetical approach of the research work (Zikmund et al. 2013). Research Philosophies There are various different philosophies which are used in the research sector. These research philosophies are Realism, Interpretivism, Pragmatism as well as Post-positivism. Figure 2: Types of Research Philosophy (Source: Blumberg et al. 2014). The research work will be adhered with the post positivism research philosophy. The post positivism attempts to finding out the underlying truth of the research issues. This particular research philosophy is highly depended on the structured method. Moreover, it relies on the logical deduction of the research issue. Therefore, the post positivism research philosophy will be most beneficial for actual impact of brand image on customer purchasing behaviour (Blumberg et al. 2014). Research Approach There are two basic research approaches which are the pillar of any kind of research work. These research approaches are deductive approach and inductive research approach. Figure 3: Types of Research Approach (Source: as created by author) On the one hand, the deductive research approach deals with testing research theories in order to find out its relevance with the current market scenario. On the other hand, the inductive research approach is mostly focused on exploring new theories on any given specific topic. As the current research work is not focused on generating new theories the deductive approach will most suitable for the study. Therefore, the respective research work will select the deductive approach (Hair 2015). Research Strategies There are various strategies which will be highly effective for conducting the research work. First of all the study will define the problem which will help to develop objectives and questions. Then the study will conduct an evaluated data collection program followed by a detailed as well as systematic data analysis and interpretation. Lastly, the study will conclude the outcomes through research conclusion (Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015). Research Choices The study will cater with a high range of graphs, diagrams, charts figures as well as tables which will be most influential for providing the detailed understanding on the current research topic. The information will be synthesized with a five paragraph essay (Wilson 2014). Time Horizon The study will be conducted within 6 months of time limit. The research work will be conducted from 10:00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. Monday to Friday in every week. The research work will be able to complete the study within this prearranged time duration. Data Collection There are two different kinds of data those are used in the research work. These data are primary data and secondary data. Primary data refers to the fresh data collected from a selected sample. On the other hand, the secondary data refers to the existing data which are collected from various published literature such as books, journal articles as well as newspapers. Both of the data can be classified in two different parts according to the focus of data collection which are quantitative and qualitative (Creswell 2013). Figure 4: Types of Data Collection (Source: Creswell 2013). The research work will collect both primary data as it will immensely help to understand the contemporary perception of the customer. Both of the quantitative as well as qualitative approach will be selected for the data collection. This way the study will gain a detailed understanding on the research findings. The study will conduct survey on 85 customers chosen by probability sampling technique for collecting the quantitative data. Furthermore, the study will conduct interview session on 5 managers of apple chosen by non-probability sampling techniques for obtaining the qualitative data (Saunders and Lewis 2014). Research Ethics Every research work must be conducted with several vital ethical considerations which helps the study to maintain a clear image. The current research work will comply with the Data Protection Act, 1998; that prohibits the breach of sensitive data. Moreover, every participant will be treated with proper respect. The research will not involve any individual without their consent (Deterding et al. 2015). Timescale 1st week (2nd-4th) week (5th-7th) week (8th-10th) week (11th -16th) week (17th -20th)week (21st-23rd) week 24th week 25th week 26th Week Introducing the research issue Review of the Literature Methodology of the Research Data Collection Designs and Techniques Collection of Data Analysis of the Data Conclusion of the entire reserach and Recommendations Proof- Reading Submitting the Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding as well as Submission (Source: as created by author) Resources The research will be conducted with a reasonable amount of fund. The budget of the research will consider various different research activities. Excel and MS project will be used for the analysis of data. References Aaker, D.A. and Biel, A., 2013.Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press. Aaker, D.A., 2012.Building strong brands. Simon and Schuster. Apple (Australia). (2016). Apple. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/au/ [Accessed 19 Jun. 2016]. Blumberg, B.F., Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S., 2014.Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Bonk, C., 2015. The impact of Apple's communication and French and Finnish consumers' product perceptions: case of the iPhone product. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cheung, C.M., Xiao, B.S. and Liu, I.L., 2014. Do actions speak louder than voices? The signaling role of social information cues in influencing consumer purchase decisions.Decision Support Systems,65, pp.50-58. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Deterding, S., Canossa, A., Harteveld, C., Cooper, S., Nacke, L.E. and Whitson, J.R., 2015, April. Gamifying Research: Strategies, Opportunities, Challenges, Ethics. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2421-2424). ACM. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Malik, M.E., Ghafoor, M.M., Iqbal, H.K., Ali, Q., Hunbal, H., Noman, M. and Ahmad, B., 2013. Impact of brand image and advertisement on consumer buying behavior.World Applied Sciences Journal,23(1), pp.117-122. Nebenzahl, I.D. and Jaffe, E.D., 2013. Measuring the joint effect of brand and country image in consumer evaluation of global products.Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272. Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P., 2014.Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed. Severi, E. and Ling, K.C., 2013. The mediating effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand image and perceived quality on brand equity.Asian Social Science,9(3), p.125. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Wu, C.L., 2013. The Research of Brand Image, Experiential Marketing, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty-Example of Starbucks Coffee. Wu, J., Huang, L., Zhao, J.L. and Hua, Z., 2015. The deeper, the better? Effect of online brand community activity on customer purchase frequency.Information Management,52(7), pp.813-823. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

20 Top Minority Scholarships

20 Top Minority Scholarships SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Scholarships can be a significant source of college funding for students of all different backgrounds - if you know where to look, that is. Many top scholarships have eligibility requirements regarding financial need or academic merit, but there are also excellent scholarship programs that are specifically for minority students. Most of these programs were created in order to facilitate access to education for minority students,and many aim to help students pursue careers in which people of certain ethnicities or backgrounds are underrepresented. One of the best ways to optimize scholarship funding is to apply to scholarships with more specific eligibility requirements (requirements that you meet, of course). To help you find scholarships like this, I’ve compiled a list of awards meant for students of specific ethnic and racial backgrounds. I started with scholarships meant for students of all minority backgrounds before moving into awards meant for specific minorities. Finally, I’ve ended with some tips and strategies for getting the most scholarship money possible. A note before we get started: the terms used to describe minority groups for each scholarship program were taken directly from programs’ eligibility requirements. I understand that not all of these programs may use preferred terms or descriptors, but I wanted to make sure I represented eligibility criteria as accurately as possible. General College Scholarships for Minorities The following scholarships are open to students from many different ethnic minority backgrounds. Actuarial Diversity Scholarship Program If you're interested in a career as an actuary, this scholarship program is meant for you.The potential award amounts depend on your year in school, but they can range between $1,000 - $4,000. This scholarship is open to students with at least one parent of Black/African American, Hispanic, Native North American, or Pacific Islander heritage. The program typically opens in January; the deadline is typically in early May. Get more information on the Actuarial Diversity Scholarship Program. American Meteorological Society Minority Scholarships To qualify for this unique scholarship, you must plan on pursuing a career in meteorological or related oceanic or hydrologic sciences. If you do win the award, you'll receive $3,000 a year for twoyears. This scholarship is open to minority students, particularly those of Hispanic, Native American, and Black/African American descent, who are entering their freshman year of college. The submission deadline is typically inFebruary. Read more about the program and check out theapplication form. Gates Millennium Scholarship Program This very generous (and therefore very competitive) scholarship program covers all unmet financial need and self-help aid; this means that you wouldn't have to take out any loans or worry about finding a student job in order to pay for your education. It's renewable, so you could potentially receive funding through all fouryears of college. We have a whole post on the Gates Millennium Scholarship Program, which you should definitely check out if you're interested in learning more about this award. This scholarship is open to African-American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian American/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic American students who will be entering their freshman year of college. The submission deadline is typically inJanuary. Read more about how to win the Gates Millennium Scholarship. Jackie Robinson Foundation Scholarship If you win a Jackie Robinson Foundation Scholarship, you could receive up to $28,000 per year for up to 4 years of college. That could cover your full Cost of Attendance at some schools! Keep in mind; however, that you must demonstrate financial need in order to qualify for the award. This scholarship program is open to minority high school students who demonstrate financial need. The submission deadline is typically in February. Read more about eligibility requirements and the application process. National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering Scholarship If you participate in a high school program that focuses primarily on math, science, and engineering, this scholarship program may be a good fit for you. Winners receive an award of $2,500 to put towards their college education. This scholarship is open to high school seniors who identify as African American, American Indian, or Latino. Read more about the program, and keep an eye on the application. It's typically made available in the Spring. African American Black Student Scholarships National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ) Scholarships The NABJ offers several scholarship options for students who are registered as members. As you may have guessed, these scholarships are meant for students who hope to pursue a career in journalism. The award options all have different eligibility requirements, award amounts, and deadlines, so you may want to spend some time researching the program to see if any of the scholarships are better fits than others. These scholarships are open to students who are registered members of the NABJ. The submission deadline is typically inFebruary. Get more information about the scholarship options. The perfect awards for students who want their work on the front page. The Ron Brown Scholar Program This need-based scholarship awards winners up to $40,000 to fund their college educations - they receive $10,000 per year to cover expenses. The scholarship is open toBlack or African American students who demonstrate financial need. There are typically two submission deadlines: one in early November and the final in early January. If you apply by the November deadline, your application will be considered for both the Ron Brown Scholar Program and forwarded to additional scholarship providers for consideration. If you submit after the November deadline, you'll only be considered for the Ron Brown Scholar Program. Read more about the program and submit an application. Ronald McDonald House Charities African-American Future Achievers Scholarship What a mouthful! You should know that the availability of Ronald McDonald scholarships depends on your local chapter's participation - for more information on whether you'll have access to this award, read our post on how to win a McDonald's scholarship. The award amounts can also vary based on where you're located, but you should be able to get more information from your local RMHC chapter. This scholarship is open to students who have at least one parent of African American or Black Caribbean heritage. The submission deadline is typically inJanuary. Get more information on qualifying and applying for a McDonald's scholarship. The Tom Joyner "Full Ride" Scholarship The availability of this scholarship is limited - it's only offered to one student per year - but winners have alltheir expenses covered if they plan on attending a historically black college or university. This award is open to high school seniors who apply to (and eventually choose to attend) a historically black college or university. The application deadline is typically inmid-January. Read more about the scholarship. Hispanic Latino Student Scholarships Hispanic Scholarship Fund Scholarships By submitting one application through the Hispanic Scholarship Fund, you essentially apply to thousands of potential scholarships - over 5,100 new awards are given out every year. The HSF isan excellent source for scholarship funding; if you're Hispanic/Latino and only have time to submit one application, you should submit this one. While you're at it, read our blog post on how to win one of the HSF awards. These scholarships are open to students who are at least 1/4 Hispanic or Latino. The application typically opens in January and closes in March or April. Read more about the HSF scholarships. League of United Latin American Citizens National Scholarship Fund Award amounts through this scholarship fund vary from $250 - $2,000. Although these awards may not be huge, they'll definitely add up, especially if you apply to several other scholarship programs. These scholarships are open to students who identify as Hispanic or Latino. The submission deadline is typically inMarch. Read more about the scholarship program. Ronald McDonald HACER Like the other Ronald McDonald House Charities scholarships, the availability and amount of this award will depend on your local RMHC chapter. There are also four national awards that come with some big payouts: $100,000 each, to be exact. The scholarships are open to students who have at least one parent of Hispanic heritage. The application typically opens in October and closes in January. Read more about how to win a HACER scholarship. Who would have guessed that fast food could be related to an awesome college scholarship? Native American and American Indian Student Scholarships American Indian College Fund Scholarships The AICF is similar to the Hispanic Scholarship Fund: it's a scholarship hub or database with one application that will get you considered for many awards. Award amounts and eligibility criteria vary, butyou don't have to worry about that too much since you only have to submit one application. In order to be considered eligible for any of these awards, you must be enrolled in a state- or federally-recognized tribeorbe able to prove descendency to an enrolled member. These scholarships are open to American Indian students with connections to an officially recognized tribe. The application is open January 1 - May 31. Read more about the fund and its scholarship application. Asian American and Pacific Islander Student Scholarships Asian and Pacific Islander Scholarship Fund Program Award amounts through this program range from $1,500 all the way up to $15,000. These scholarships are open to students who are Asian/Pacific Islander as defined by the US Census. The application typically opens in September and closes in early January. Get more information on the program. Asian Pacific Fund Scholarships The Asian Pacific Fund offers 12 different scholarships, all with different eligibility requirements and award amounts. You may want to look through theavailablescholarships to see if any are good fits for you - most of the awards are for graduating high school seniors. The good news is that if you find more than one scholarship that you're interested in, you're welcome to submit as many scholarship applications as you'd like. Most of these scholarships are open to graduating seniors of Asian ancestry. The submission deadline for many of the scholarships is typically inFebruary. Get more information on the APF scholarships. Asian Women in Business Scholarship Fund This $2,500 award is given to female students who demonstrate leadership or an entrepreneurial spirit. The scholarship is open to women of Asian or Pacific Islander ancestry. The deadline isOctober 1st, 2016. Get more information about this scholarship program. A perfect scholarship program for women who want to enter the business world. Korean Ancestry Grant Award amounts for this scholarship vary but can be as high as $10,000. As you may have guessed, there's a strong preference for applicants of Korean ancestry, but the program will also accept submissions from other students. This grant is open to students of Asian ancestry, with at least one Asian grandparent. Tthe deadline is typically in March. Get more information about the grant. Ronald McDonald House Charities ASIA Scholarship Award amounts and availability will depend on your local Ronald McDonald House Charity chapter, but it isn't too hard to get your hands on that information. For more explicit directions, check out our post on winning a McDonald's scholarship. These scholarships are open to students with at least one parent of Asian-Pacific heritage. Theapplication typically opens in October and closes in January. Read more about applying for a McDonald's scholarship. Upakar Indian-American Scholarship Fund This award provides $8,000 over four years to each scholarship recipient. There are some other benefits to the program in addition to funding - scholarship winners also have access to a mentoring program. This scholarship is open to students who were born in India, or to students with at least one parent who was born in India. The application deadline is typically inApril. Check out the eligibility requirements and application. Vietnamese American Scholarship Foundation This scholarship foundation offers access to several scholarships with just one application. The scholarships all have different selection criteria and award amounts, and you'll have to submit some supplemental materials based on the awards you want to apply for. The application is pretty streamlined so that you can submit all materials at once. These scholarships are open to students of Vietnamese descent. The submission deadlines vary by scholarship, but most are due in late May or early June. Get more information on the scholarship options and check out the application. Tips for Your Own Scholarship Search Hopefully, you now have a good start when it comes to looking for scholarships for minority students. This list of awards is just the beginning, though - follow these strategies to optimize your chances of winning the most scholarship money possible. Do Your Own Research The awards listed above are some of the biggest andbest-known scholarships for minorities, but that doesn't mean they're the only ones out there. If you do your own research, you'll probably find information on smaller or more targeted scholarships. Why bother going after these awards? The more specific the eligibility requirements (if you meet them), the less competition you'll probably have. The same goes forscholarships with smaller payouts. Try googling"scholarships in [your local area]" or "scholarships for [your specific ethnicity group]". You might be surprised at what you find! Just one caveat - beware of any scholarship applications that ask you to submit payment information or info that seems irrelevant or too private. They may be scams, so make sure an application is for a legitimate award before you submit. A good excuse to spend some quality time at your favorite cafe. Apply Broadly This piece of advice goes hand-in-hand with the last one: the more scholarships you apply to, the better your odds of winning some money. Try to submit as many applications as possible, and make sure to look into non-minority scholarships as well. You might start with 2-3 applications to "big" competitive scholarships and 5-7 applications to smaller or more targeted awards. If you can do more than that; however, more power to you! Just don't let it get in the way of your schoolwork or extracurricular activities - those are more important. Be Mindful of Deadlines As you may have noticed by reading the descriptions above, there's no standard scholarship deadline. The earlier you do your scholarship research, the more likely it is that you'll meet the deadlines for all scholarship programs you may be interested in. Try keeping a spreadsheet with all this information so you can submit applications on time. Make sure to cushion your timeline (add an extra 6-8 weeks) if you have to ask for letters of recommendation. What's Next? To continue with your scholarship search, you'llwant to look for award options other than minority scholarships so that you can apply broadly (like I just mentioned above). You can start with our guides to the top scholarships for high school juniors and high school seniors. If you want more general information on financing your education, check out our guides to what college really costs and how to pay for it. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Francesca Fulciniti About the Author Francesca graduated magna cum laude from Harvard and scored in the 99th percentile on the SATs. She's worked with many students on SAT prep and college counseling, and loves helping students capitalize on their strengths. 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Books About Writing

Books About Writing Books About Writing Books About Writing By Daniel Scocco I figured that it would be useful to have a page on the blog dedicated to books about writing. This initial list was created taking into consideration the books that our writers reviewed or recommended in the past. We plan to update it regularly as well. If you have a suggestion just write a comment below and we might add it. The links to Amazon are affiliate ones, so yeah if you end up purchasing the book we will earn a dollar or two. That money will be spent purchasing new books though. Enjoy. The Elements of Style: Originating as a classroom study aid prepared by Cornell English Professor William Strunk in 1918, this widely-used desk reference of English usage, form, and style continues to influence writers after a hundred years. A must have.Click here to get more details or buy. Eats, Shoots and Leaves: First published in April of 2004, Eats, Shoots and Leaves stayed 25 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list and by October of that year it had already sold one million copies. At a bit more than 200 pages including the bibliography, this little book describes the rules that govern the use of: apostrophe, comma, colon, semi-colon, dash, hyphen and period. Click here to get more details or buy. The Dictionary of Concise Writing: A must have book for anyone who wants to write better. It brings over 10,000 alternatives you can use to free your text from wordy constructions and unnecessary phrases. Click here to get more details or buy. Oxford American Writers Thesaurus: Another book worth investing in, as you will be able to use it over and over again. It comes with synonyms, antonyms, sample sentences and cross references to let you pick the most precise word for each occasion. Click here to get more details or buy. Concise Oxford English Dictionary: If you are looking for a solid dictionary and dont want to spend a fortune on it, this is a good choice. Click here to get more details or buy. On Writing: One of the best books about writing and being a writer. Stephen King is probably the most popular horror writer ever, and in this book he shares how he started, the basic writing rules and the fiction writing process. Click here to get more details or buy. The Screenwriters Bible: If want to start writing scripts, this book could help. David Trottier is a writer, producer and script consultant, and he shares tips on all the stages you will go through, from getting started to formatting and selling your script. Click here to get more details or buy. Plot Structure: This book is part of a series called Write Great Fiction. As the name implies, it will assist you while creating the plot for your stories. It comes with techniques, tips and even exercises you can use to practice what you will learn. Click here to get more details or buy. Rules for Writers: A book aimed at college students (regardless of the course). Diane Hacker, the author, has been teaching at the Prince George’s Community College for over 35 years, and this book is the result of what she learned from her students over that time. Click here to get more details or buy. On Writing Well: The subtitle says it all: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction. The book covers many aspects of writing, from removing unnecessary words and phrases to identifying your audience and editing your pieces. Click here to get more details or buy. The Associated Press Stylebook: One of the most popular style guides among professional writers and journalists. The 2009 edition has been revised and contains over 3,000 new entries. Click here to get more details or buy. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersItalicizing Foreign Words13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

History - Essay Example In the then society, — between the early 19th century to the mid 20th century — there were many technologies invented in the US, such as railroads, airplanes, refrigerators, textile mills and telephones among others. Similar to other technologies, telephones brought a dramatic change in the economic pattern of the US by influencing its societal relations as well as economic developments by a substantial extent (Lasen, 2001). Emphasizing the aforementioned notion, this discussion henceforth will aim to provide with an insight about the impact of telephone, as an innovative technology, on the 19th century American society, i.e. at the time of its invention. Importance of Technology In the year 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone, which was used to communicate with people in distant places. After the invention of telephone, President Rutherford, on viewing it for the first time quoted, â€Å"That’s an amazing invention, but who would ever want to use one of them† (Elon University, n.d.). ... The telephone technology required no third party operator, as a direct communication was possible with the recipient(s) at the other end, which the postal mode lacked to a great extent. Additionally, unlike postal modes, telephone users did not require literary knowledge of writing and reading, which was a major advantage in the 19th century American society, especially for women. Hence, a strong need for telephone was felt by every individual, which could make their life much easier and convenient (Kang, n.d.). The telephone technology bought with itself an industrial revolution in America in the 19th century with the formation of American Bell Telephone Company. As a matter of fact, the importance of telephone was felt by the government as well, owing to the fact that this technology permitted communicate easily, with minimum chances of misinterpretation, and in a secured way assuring confidentiality along with time-efficiency. The technology also proved to be helpful in mitigating the limitations of geographic distances to a substantial extent, even though the telephone technology was not as advanced as it is today in communicating with people at distant places. Subsequently, the telephone industry saw a rapid growth in America as people were not only using this technology in their professional lives, but were also readily adapting the same in their personal area (Elon University, n.d.). Competencies and Setbacks of the Telephone Technology Telephone had given emphasis to true communication, which means a regular speaking and listening interaction within a group of people (Kang, n.d.). The telephone technology also enhanced the time efficiency of communication channels as now information could be send within few seconds from one

Law of Investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law of Investment - Assignment Example Issues under the Relevant Legislation and the Law Relating To Negligence, Contract and Fiduciary Duty It is clear that there are legal issues in this case that concern fiduciary duty and negligence law. In the first place, the case states expressly that there is a contract between Charlie and Denise, or Bandito Financial Advisors and Planners. The agreement meets all the legal elements and felicity conditions needed to make a contract. Specifically, there is an offer being advanced for an acceptance. On the one hand, Denise and her financial advisory company are extending an offer to Charlie, the offer being the issuance of financial advice. Charlie, on the other hand, remits 300,000 dollars to Denise, thereby signifying his acceptance of the offer. The advisory services offered by Denise and the money exchanged signify the cooperation, as both Denise and Charlie are of legal age and sound mind. The latter means that they have entered a legal relation. There are formalities in the ag reement, and both parties entered the agreement intentionally. Again, there is a profound aspect of certainty. The Sales of Goods Act of 1896 clearly specifies all these conditions, thereby making the agreement between Charlie and Denise a full-fledged contract. ... A prudent and reasonable legal person could have ensured that it meets all the aspects of the bargain that were in the contract. Again, according to the Australian tort law, Denise and her company will be found guilty of having used misrepresentation. Misrepresentation may, in turn, emanate from the use of deceit, defamation, negligent advice, innocent misrepresentation, passing off and injurious falsehood. In the case at hand, it is clear that Denise used injurious falsehood since she presented herself as a licensed and qualified financial advisor, yet she is not. Australian tort law is strict in relation to negligence, since it acts on both willful failure and failure that stems from an oversight (Marshal 525). In the determination of negligence, the case Jaensch v Coffey set precedence that has been followed heretofore. In this case, there must be the determination of proximity between the defendant and the plaintiff as being sufficient enough to cause injury or loss to the plaint iff. In this case, it is obvious that Charlie and Denise interacted (in order to enter a contract of financial nature). It is this interaction that directly led to Charlie’s forfeiture of his 300,000 due to Denise’s injurious falsehood. In this case, the forfeiture of the money amounts to harm. Denise also uses negligent advice to rid Charlie of his money. She, for instance, wrongly advises Charlie that upon investing 300,000 dollars he will be able to make 10% profit during the first year and 25% profit by the third year. The culpability of Denise and her advisory agency is further compounded when the concept of fiduciary is introduced. By the term fiduciary duty, it is meant that the

Market Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas Industry

Market Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas Industry OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study provides an insight into the oil and gas industry. Analyze market trends for oil and gas industry in the global arena. To understand financial performance and financial position of oil and natural gas companies like ONGC, Petro china, Chevron and Exxon Mobil. To analyse the financial statements of 2009-2010, so as to understand about the key factors like Profitability and Solvency for decision making and ultimate business solvency. To find out the ratios of the company and carry out a comparative study. To understand the current position of these companies. To analyze the Indian oil market. To see the international scenario. To analyze the oil prices in India and other countries. BROAD APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Type The study carried out will be more like a Descriptive Research. For analyzing the financial statement, methodology to be used is financial ratio analysis and comparative study. Purpose The study mainly focuses on giving knowledge about the importance of annual reports. Data collection The data collection has been made in two ways: Primary source: Data has been collected with the help of constant interaction with my mentor Ms. Uma Rajamani Manager (FA). Secondary source: Data has been collected with the help of : Annual report of ONGC. ONGC reports. Internet. This source helped me in collecting information about the company as a whole, financial performance. Before making use of secondary data both the data and its source were evaluated. Particular attention was paid to definitions used, measurement error, source bias, reliability and the time span of the secondary data. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INDIAN OIL AND NATURAL GAS SECTOR HIGHLIGHTS IN THE PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS SECTOR DURING 2009-10 India has total reserves (proved indicated) of 1201 million metric tonnes of crude oiland1437 billion cubic metres of natural gas as on 1.4.2010. The total number of exploratory and development wells and metreage drilled in onshoreand offshore areas during 2009-10 was 428 and 1019 thousand metres respectively. Crude oil production during 2009-10 at 33.69 million metric tonnes is 0.55% higher than33.51 million metric tonnes produced during 2008-09. Gross Production of Natural Gas in the country at 47.51 billion cubic metres during 2009-10 is 44.63% higher than the production of 32.85 billion cubic metres during 2008-09. The production of Natural Gas at 44.94% and 0.08% of the total were highest and lowestin JVC/Private and West Bengal respectively during 2009-10. The flaring of Natural Gas in 2009-10 at 2.09% of gross production is lower than at 3.29% in 2008-09. The refining capacity in the country increased to 184.386 million tonnes per annum(MTPA) as on 1.4.2010 from 177.968 MTPA as on 1.4.2009. The total refinery crude throughput during 2009-10 at 160.03 million metric tonnes is0.46% lower than 160.77 million metric tonnes crude processed in 2008-09 and the prorate capacity utilisation in 2009-10 was 89.92% as compared to 107.43% in 2008-09. The production of petroleum products during 2009-10 was 151.898 million metric tones (including 2.244 million metric tonnes of LPG production from natural gas) registering adecrease of 0.51% over last years production at 152.678 million metric tonnes (including2.162 million metric tonnes of LPG production from natural gas). The country exported 50.974 million metric tonnes of petroleum products against theimports of 23.49 million metric tonnes (including 8.828 million metric tonnes of LNG) during 2009-10. The consumption of petroleum products during 2009-10 were 138.196 million metrictonnes (including sales through private imports) which is 3.60% higher than the sales of133.400 million metric tonnes during 2008-09. The total number of retail outlets of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 has gone upto 36462 from 34948 on 1.4.2009. The total number of LPG consumers of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 were 114.952 million against 105.632 million as on 1.4.2009. The number of persons employed (including contract employees) in petroleum industryas on 1.04.2010 and 1.04.2009 are 129988 138973 respectively. OIL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL INDUSTRY Energy in all its forms is critical to economic growth, development, and social welfare. The worlds need for reliable and affordable energy supplies is growing. Energy is a critical input for economic growth and its availability determines the quality of both, the national economy and the life of citizens. Sustainable economic progress hinges crucially around the supply of stable and competitively priced energy. Oil is a fungible, international commodity whose ownership and ultimate destination is determined by market forces once it leaves the producing country. No country can effectively isolate itself from changes elsewhere in the market, nor is it likely that any nation can take actions that do not indirectly affect other nations. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture. OIL industry is considered to be the back bone of an economy because this is the main source of energy till date. Any economy around the world would fail to precede a single step in the absence of petroleum industry. Thus, before using this energy source, the crude petroleum is required to be refined in the petroleum refineries for extracting various fractions for energy generation namely, petrol, natural gas, kerosene, asphalt and many more. The processes that are involved in the petroleum industry are: Drilling at the site of petroleum for making well so that the crude oil could be extracted. Refining of the crude oil Storing of the extracted oil in a secured place. Transportation of the stored crude oil is required to be done to the different refineries. Processing of the crude oil needs to be done in the processing units of refineries for converting it into usable fuel form along with the other important derivative products. Core activities of oil and natural gas sector Exploration and Production India is heavily import dependent for its oil and gas requirements. Our total imports of crude oiland petroleum products in the year 2008-09 amounted to 146.441 million metric tones (MMT), worth about Rs. 4,01,631 crore. The country also exported petroleum products amounting to 36.414 MMT, earning foreign exchange worth nearly Rs. 1,15,987 crore. The gap between demand and availability of crude oil from indigenous sources is likely to increase over the years. In case of gas, this gap is expected to decrease with production of gas from KG basin. The growing gap in demand and supply of oil and the shortfall in supply of gas requires greater emphasis to be placed on exploration and production. Objectives of Exploration and Production activities To undertake a complete appraisal of the Indian Sedimentary basin area for tapping thehydrocarbon potential. To optimize production of crude oil and natural gas in the most efficient manner. To keep pace with the technological advancements and remain at the technological forefront in the global exploration and production industry. To achieve a near zero impact on environment. Refining and Marketing The development of refining and marketing activities is crucial for achieving self sufficiency inpetroleum products and in moving towards a competitive and consumer oriented market. Objective of Refining and Marketing Activities Maintain self-sufficiency in all petroleum products by appropriate enhancement in refiningcapacities by National Oil Companies private players including international oil companies. Develop export capability in petroleum products so that the refining industry becomes globally competitive and oil security is enhanced. To develop corresponding infrastructure including ports, pipelines and depots, etc. for anefficient oil industry. To make available quality fuels at affordable prices while continuing subsidies for sensitivepetroleum products. To improve consumer services through better retailing practices and competition. Tariff and Pricing A rational tariff and pricing policy is vital to ensure healthy growth of the hydrocarbonsector and to protect the consumers as well. Objectives of Tariff and Pricing Policy To provide incentives for cleaner, greener and quality fuels so as to promote an environment friendly hydrocarbon sector. To balance the need to boost Government revenue with the need to align taxes and duties with Asia- Pacific countries and the prices to international levels. To promote new investments, by ensuring adequate protection to domestic producers The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream oil sector is known as exploration and production sector. It includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil. The midstream processes, stores, markets and transports the crude oil. The downstream oil sector is used to refer to the refining of crude oil, selling and distribution. Oil companies measure oil production in the unit of barrels (bbl). Oil Natural Gas Commission was established on 14th August, 1956 as a statutory body under Oil Natural Gas Commission Act (The ONGC Act), for the development of petroleum resources and sale of petroleum products. ONGC was converted into a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 and named as â€Å"Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited† with effect from 1st February, 1994. The Government disinvested around 10% of the equity shares of ONGC in March 2004 through a public offer in the domestic capital market at Rs. 750 per share. After the above disinvestment, the shareholding of the Government in ONGC came down to around 74.15%. HIGHLIGHTS FOR THE YEAR 2009-10. ONGC has made 15 oil gas discoveries in the areas under its operative control. State-of-the-art technologies inducted in hardware software for seismic data acquisition, processing interpretation, and in well logging. Advanced drilling techniques for sidetracks, multilateral and extended reach wells absorbed and implemented on fast track. Engineering design audit introduced with significant cost savings. ONGC registered its fifth Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on September 22, 2009. The project, ‘Energy Efficiency of Amine Circulation Pumps at Hazira involves enhancing energy efficiency achieved in the Amine Circulation Pumps of Hazira Plant. The project will fetch an estimated Certified Emission Reduction (CER) of 4043 per year for a period of 10 years. With this, ONGC achieves a total annual CER of about 1.24 lakh. National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category: ONGC has bagged four National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category for year 2007. This is fourth consecutive years that ONGC has bagged these awards, instituted by the Ministry of Labour Employment, Government of India to motivate, appreciate and recognize the extraordinary performance in the area of mines safety. These awards were given by the Honble Vice President of India in New Delhi on October 23, 2009. These awards are based on Longest Accident Free Period (LAFP) and Lowest Injury Frequency Rate (LIFR) and were judged by jury of Director General of Mines Safety, Management Representatives and Trade Union Representatives. PCRA Award for Oil and Gas Conservation: ONGC bagged the Best Overall Performance PCRA Award amongst the Upstream Oil Companies for the Oil and Gas Conservation Programmes during the year 2009. The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd, Mumbai The Company has the following ASSETS /PLANTS/ BASINS/ REGIONS : A. ASSETS/ PLANTS: Mumbai High Asset, Mumbai Neelam Heera Asset, Mumbai Bassein Satellite Asset, Mumbai Uran Plant, Uran Hazira Plant, Hazira Ahmedabad Asset, Ahmedabad Ankleshwar Asset, Mehsana Mehsana Asset, Mehsana Rajamundry Asset, Rajamundry Karaikal Asset, Karaikal Assam Asset, Nazira Tripura Asset, Agartala B. BASINS: Western Offshore Basin, Mumbai Western Onshore Basin Vadodara KG Basin, Rajamundry Cauvery Basin , Chennai Assam Assam-Arakan Basin , Jorhat CBM- BPM Basin , Kolkata Frontier Basin , Dehradun C. REGIONS: Mumbai Region, Mumbai Western Region, Baroda Eastern Region, Nazira Southern Region, Chennai Central Region, Kolkata PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10 PROGRESS OF PROJECTS : MAJOR PROJECTS COMPLETED DURING THE YEAR MAJOR PROJECTS APPROVED DURING THE YEAR MAJOR INITIATIVES Strategic goals set for two decades 2001-2020 Doubling Reserve Accretion to 12 Billion MTO+OEG Improving Recovery Factor to the order of 40% Production of 20 MMTPA O+OEG equity oil and gas from acquisitions abroad. Short-term Strategy Time scheduled exploration activities for prospect recognition and drilling. Prioritisation of exploration activities on fast track basis for enhancing reserves accretion. Pre-drill 3D seismic in deepwater and blanket 3D in key growth areas. Knowledge building in new sectors of producing as well as frontier basins. Medium-long-term Strategy Further intensification of exploration in the producing basins to realise the hydrocarbon resources to in-place volume conversion. Exploration spread in non-producing basins and yet to be explored basins to establish their potential and knowledge building. Major shift to deep offshore as the major thrust and contributing sector. Strategic Initiatives Major development projects including IOR/ EOR schemes with an approved cost of Rs. 30,000 crore are under various stages of implementation to enhance crude oil and natural gas production. A new and dedicated business unit viz. Eastern Offshore Asset has been constituted with an aim to put east coast discoveries on a fast track development through an integrated east coast hub. Substantive decentralization of administrative authorities together with delegation of financial authorities carried out to empower the field executives. Induction of new technologies in core areas of EP activities like: Acquisition, processing and interpretation of seismic data Drilling and production technology IT and communication. Materials Management Inventory Management and codification procedure have been implemented and computerized to track and identify the materials efficiently. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY (i) Wind Power Project: Wind Farm Project of 50 MW at Motisindoli in Kutch district of Gujarat is an initiative of ONGC towards its commitment for environment-friendly and pollution-free energy production. The power generated from this wind power project is being wheeled to 101 locations of ONGCs oil field installations/ offices/ residential quarters in the state of Gujarat. ONGC shall be saving about Rs. 30 crore per year on electricity charges in Gujarat, considering the present purchase price of electricity. (ii) Installations of Solar thermal plants: Solar thermal plants in ONGC guest house, hospital, academy hostel, officers club, central workshop, Baroda and colony are already installed. Initiatives have been taken to install the solar water heating system at other locations of ONGC also. Solar panels were installed at well heads of (Bokaro) Jharkhand. 9600 lakhs per day (LPD) capacity of solar water heating system is added in this year and total capacity installed is 38100 LPD. HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) Environmental initiatives encompassed solid waste, liquid effluent, air emission monitoring mechanism for proactive planning to manage waste through environment-friendly technologies like bio-remediation, reduction and recycling options and environmental reporting based on global reporting initiative principles. Several initiatives of long-term and continuous nature like bio-remediation of oily sludge, effluent management, ISO certification of installations on international benchmark standards, Mangroove and Hingal plantations etc. are also being carried out in ONGC. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ONGC is actively pursuing energy conservation measures. The conservation of petroleum products namely HSD, Lube oil and natural gas are important activities. These measures include: Phasing out of old diesel engines more than 15 years old. Awareness campaign on use of bio-diesel as alternate fuel. Use of small DG sets during lean periods in rigs, proper capacity utilization, rationalization and efficiency improvement of equipments, use of energy efficient devices. Substitution of diesel engines with gas engines at installations where gas is available. Increase in lube oil change period resulting in substantial saving. Natural gas flaring has been reduced and the same is being supplied to consumers. Use of small DG sets and waste heat recovery equipment at offshore platforms, rigs, LPG plants at Hazira and Uran. Use of energy efficient equipment and devices such as top drives, linear motion shale shakers, electronic diesel engines, soft start systems and energy efficient lamps etc. Use of gas engines in place of diesel ones for power generation. Thermal energy cost reduction achieved by maintenance of steam traps at processing plants. Conducting energy audit on regular basis and Petroleum Products Conservation Opportunities (PPCOs) are identified. Harnessing solar energy by using solar water heaters/ photo-voltaic panels at various locations. ONGC VIDESH LIMITED (OVL) ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ONGC, was incorporated as Hydrocarbons India Private Limited on 5th March, 1965 with an initial authorised capital of Rs. 5 lakh, for the business of international exploration and production. Its name was changed to ONGC Videsh Limited on 15th June, 1989. The authorised and paid-up share capital of OVL as on 31st March, 2007 was Rs. 1,000 crore. The primary business of the company is to prospect for oil and gas acreages abroad. These include acquisition of oil and gas fields in foreign countries as well as exploration, production, transportation and sale of oil and gas. OVL currently has participation in 39 projects in 15 countries namely, Vietnam (3 projects), Russia (2 projects), Sudan (3 projects), Iran (1 project), Iraq (1 project), Libya (3 projects), Myanmar (5 projects), Syria (2 projects), Egypt (2 projects), Cuba (2 projects), Nigeria Sao Tome Principe JDZ (1 project), Brazil (5 projects), Nigeria (2 projects), Colombia (6 projects), and Venezuela (1 project). OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production is currently from 9 projects in seven countries, viz., Russia, Sudan, Vietnam, Syria, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production in 2009-10 is expected to be 8.142 Million. Metric Tonne of oil equivalent (MMTOE) including of 2.017 BCM of natural gas. The other 30 projects being implemented by OVL are at various stages of exploration and appraisal. The gross revenue of Rs.13,444 crore is estimated by OVL during the financial year 2009-10 with net profit of Rs.412 crore. Further, OVL is pursuing acquisition of various oil and gas exploration and production opportunities in Russia, Central Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East, which are at different stages. Established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities on November 5,1999, as part of the restructuring of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It was respectively listed on the NYSE (ADS code: PTR) and the HKSE (stock code: 00857) in April 2000 and on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code:601857) in November 2007. As at end of 2010, CNPC holds 86.292% shares of Petro China. Ranked 7th by Platts in the â€Å"Top 250 Global Energy Companies† published by Platts Energy in 2010, which was the top ranking among enterprises in the Asia Pacific region for eight consecutive years. Included as a constituent stock of the SSE Social Responsibility index and the Hang Seng Corporate Sustainability Index. Adheres to the corporate policy of â€Å"Caring for Energy, Caring for You† and core business management principles of â€Å"Honesty, Innovation, Performance, Harmony and Safety†. Perseveres in carrying out business in a more effective, safe and environmentally friendly manner; pursues the balance among the economy, environment and society; provides sustainable energy for economic and social development; and creates a better life for people. CORE BUSINESSES Engaged in a broad range of businesses related to oil and natural gas, which mainly include the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, the refining, transportation, storage and marketing of crude oil and refined products, the production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, their derivatives and other chemicals, and the transportation and marketing of natural gas. Chevron is an American multinationalenergycorporation. Headquartered inSan Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries. It is engaged in every aspect of theoil,gas, andgeothermalenergy industries, includingexplorationandproduction, refining, marketing and transport; chemicals manufacturing and sales; andpower generation. Chevron is one of the worlds six super major oil companies. For the past five years, Chevron has been continuously ranked as one of Americas 5 largest corporations byFortune 500. Market Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas Industry Market Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas Industry OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study provides an insight into the oil and gas industry. Analyze market trends for oil and gas industry in the global arena. To understand financial performance and financial position of oil and natural gas companies like ONGC, Petro china, Chevron and Exxon Mobil. To analyse the financial statements of 2009-2010, so as to understand about the key factors like Profitability and Solvency for decision making and ultimate business solvency. To find out the ratios of the company and carry out a comparative study. To understand the current position of these companies. To analyze the Indian oil market. To see the international scenario. To analyze the oil prices in India and other countries. BROAD APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Type The study carried out will be more like a Descriptive Research. For analyzing the financial statement, methodology to be used is financial ratio analysis and comparative study. Purpose The study mainly focuses on giving knowledge about the importance of annual reports. Data collection The data collection has been made in two ways: Primary source: Data has been collected with the help of constant interaction with my mentor Ms. Uma Rajamani Manager (FA). Secondary source: Data has been collected with the help of : Annual report of ONGC. ONGC reports. Internet. This source helped me in collecting information about the company as a whole, financial performance. Before making use of secondary data both the data and its source were evaluated. Particular attention was paid to definitions used, measurement error, source bias, reliability and the time span of the secondary data. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INDIAN OIL AND NATURAL GAS SECTOR HIGHLIGHTS IN THE PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS SECTOR DURING 2009-10 India has total reserves (proved indicated) of 1201 million metric tonnes of crude oiland1437 billion cubic metres of natural gas as on 1.4.2010. The total number of exploratory and development wells and metreage drilled in onshoreand offshore areas during 2009-10 was 428 and 1019 thousand metres respectively. Crude oil production during 2009-10 at 33.69 million metric tonnes is 0.55% higher than33.51 million metric tonnes produced during 2008-09. Gross Production of Natural Gas in the country at 47.51 billion cubic metres during 2009-10 is 44.63% higher than the production of 32.85 billion cubic metres during 2008-09. The production of Natural Gas at 44.94% and 0.08% of the total were highest and lowestin JVC/Private and West Bengal respectively during 2009-10. The flaring of Natural Gas in 2009-10 at 2.09% of gross production is lower than at 3.29% in 2008-09. The refining capacity in the country increased to 184.386 million tonnes per annum(MTPA) as on 1.4.2010 from 177.968 MTPA as on 1.4.2009. The total refinery crude throughput during 2009-10 at 160.03 million metric tonnes is0.46% lower than 160.77 million metric tonnes crude processed in 2008-09 and the prorate capacity utilisation in 2009-10 was 89.92% as compared to 107.43% in 2008-09. The production of petroleum products during 2009-10 was 151.898 million metric tones (including 2.244 million metric tonnes of LPG production from natural gas) registering adecrease of 0.51% over last years production at 152.678 million metric tonnes (including2.162 million metric tonnes of LPG production from natural gas). The country exported 50.974 million metric tonnes of petroleum products against theimports of 23.49 million metric tonnes (including 8.828 million metric tonnes of LNG) during 2009-10. The consumption of petroleum products during 2009-10 were 138.196 million metrictonnes (including sales through private imports) which is 3.60% higher than the sales of133.400 million metric tonnes during 2008-09. The total number of retail outlets of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 has gone upto 36462 from 34948 on 1.4.2009. The total number of LPG consumers of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 were 114.952 million against 105.632 million as on 1.4.2009. The number of persons employed (including contract employees) in petroleum industryas on 1.04.2010 and 1.04.2009 are 129988 138973 respectively. OIL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL INDUSTRY Energy in all its forms is critical to economic growth, development, and social welfare. The worlds need for reliable and affordable energy supplies is growing. Energy is a critical input for economic growth and its availability determines the quality of both, the national economy and the life of citizens. Sustainable economic progress hinges crucially around the supply of stable and competitively priced energy. Oil is a fungible, international commodity whose ownership and ultimate destination is determined by market forces once it leaves the producing country. No country can effectively isolate itself from changes elsewhere in the market, nor is it likely that any nation can take actions that do not indirectly affect other nations. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture. OIL industry is considered to be the back bone of an economy because this is the main source of energy till date. Any economy around the world would fail to precede a single step in the absence of petroleum industry. Thus, before using this energy source, the crude petroleum is required to be refined in the petroleum refineries for extracting various fractions for energy generation namely, petrol, natural gas, kerosene, asphalt and many more. The processes that are involved in the petroleum industry are: Drilling at the site of petroleum for making well so that the crude oil could be extracted. Refining of the crude oil Storing of the extracted oil in a secured place. Transportation of the stored crude oil is required to be done to the different refineries. Processing of the crude oil needs to be done in the processing units of refineries for converting it into usable fuel form along with the other important derivative products. Core activities of oil and natural gas sector Exploration and Production India is heavily import dependent for its oil and gas requirements. Our total imports of crude oiland petroleum products in the year 2008-09 amounted to 146.441 million metric tones (MMT), worth about Rs. 4,01,631 crore. The country also exported petroleum products amounting to 36.414 MMT, earning foreign exchange worth nearly Rs. 1,15,987 crore. The gap between demand and availability of crude oil from indigenous sources is likely to increase over the years. In case of gas, this gap is expected to decrease with production of gas from KG basin. The growing gap in demand and supply of oil and the shortfall in supply of gas requires greater emphasis to be placed on exploration and production. Objectives of Exploration and Production activities To undertake a complete appraisal of the Indian Sedimentary basin area for tapping thehydrocarbon potential. To optimize production of crude oil and natural gas in the most efficient manner. To keep pace with the technological advancements and remain at the technological forefront in the global exploration and production industry. To achieve a near zero impact on environment. Refining and Marketing The development of refining and marketing activities is crucial for achieving self sufficiency inpetroleum products and in moving towards a competitive and consumer oriented market. Objective of Refining and Marketing Activities Maintain self-sufficiency in all petroleum products by appropriate enhancement in refiningcapacities by National Oil Companies private players including international oil companies. Develop export capability in petroleum products so that the refining industry becomes globally competitive and oil security is enhanced. To develop corresponding infrastructure including ports, pipelines and depots, etc. for anefficient oil industry. To make available quality fuels at affordable prices while continuing subsidies for sensitivepetroleum products. To improve consumer services through better retailing practices and competition. Tariff and Pricing A rational tariff and pricing policy is vital to ensure healthy growth of the hydrocarbonsector and to protect the consumers as well. Objectives of Tariff and Pricing Policy To provide incentives for cleaner, greener and quality fuels so as to promote an environment friendly hydrocarbon sector. To balance the need to boost Government revenue with the need to align taxes and duties with Asia- Pacific countries and the prices to international levels. To promote new investments, by ensuring adequate protection to domestic producers The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream oil sector is known as exploration and production sector. It includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil. The midstream processes, stores, markets and transports the crude oil. The downstream oil sector is used to refer to the refining of crude oil, selling and distribution. Oil companies measure oil production in the unit of barrels (bbl). Oil Natural Gas Commission was established on 14th August, 1956 as a statutory body under Oil Natural Gas Commission Act (The ONGC Act), for the development of petroleum resources and sale of petroleum products. ONGC was converted into a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 and named as â€Å"Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited† with effect from 1st February, 1994. The Government disinvested around 10% of the equity shares of ONGC in March 2004 through a public offer in the domestic capital market at Rs. 750 per share. After the above disinvestment, the shareholding of the Government in ONGC came down to around 74.15%. HIGHLIGHTS FOR THE YEAR 2009-10. ONGC has made 15 oil gas discoveries in the areas under its operative control. State-of-the-art technologies inducted in hardware software for seismic data acquisition, processing interpretation, and in well logging. Advanced drilling techniques for sidetracks, multilateral and extended reach wells absorbed and implemented on fast track. Engineering design audit introduced with significant cost savings. ONGC registered its fifth Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on September 22, 2009. The project, ‘Energy Efficiency of Amine Circulation Pumps at Hazira involves enhancing energy efficiency achieved in the Amine Circulation Pumps of Hazira Plant. The project will fetch an estimated Certified Emission Reduction (CER) of 4043 per year for a period of 10 years. With this, ONGC achieves a total annual CER of about 1.24 lakh. National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category: ONGC has bagged four National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category for year 2007. This is fourth consecutive years that ONGC has bagged these awards, instituted by the Ministry of Labour Employment, Government of India to motivate, appreciate and recognize the extraordinary performance in the area of mines safety. These awards were given by the Honble Vice President of India in New Delhi on October 23, 2009. These awards are based on Longest Accident Free Period (LAFP) and Lowest Injury Frequency Rate (LIFR) and were judged by jury of Director General of Mines Safety, Management Representatives and Trade Union Representatives. PCRA Award for Oil and Gas Conservation: ONGC bagged the Best Overall Performance PCRA Award amongst the Upstream Oil Companies for the Oil and Gas Conservation Programmes during the year 2009. The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd, Mumbai The Company has the following ASSETS /PLANTS/ BASINS/ REGIONS : A. ASSETS/ PLANTS: Mumbai High Asset, Mumbai Neelam Heera Asset, Mumbai Bassein Satellite Asset, Mumbai Uran Plant, Uran Hazira Plant, Hazira Ahmedabad Asset, Ahmedabad Ankleshwar Asset, Mehsana Mehsana Asset, Mehsana Rajamundry Asset, Rajamundry Karaikal Asset, Karaikal Assam Asset, Nazira Tripura Asset, Agartala B. BASINS: Western Offshore Basin, Mumbai Western Onshore Basin Vadodara KG Basin, Rajamundry Cauvery Basin , Chennai Assam Assam-Arakan Basin , Jorhat CBM- BPM Basin , Kolkata Frontier Basin , Dehradun C. REGIONS: Mumbai Region, Mumbai Western Region, Baroda Eastern Region, Nazira Southern Region, Chennai Central Region, Kolkata PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10 PROGRESS OF PROJECTS : MAJOR PROJECTS COMPLETED DURING THE YEAR MAJOR PROJECTS APPROVED DURING THE YEAR MAJOR INITIATIVES Strategic goals set for two decades 2001-2020 Doubling Reserve Accretion to 12 Billion MTO+OEG Improving Recovery Factor to the order of 40% Production of 20 MMTPA O+OEG equity oil and gas from acquisitions abroad. Short-term Strategy Time scheduled exploration activities for prospect recognition and drilling. Prioritisation of exploration activities on fast track basis for enhancing reserves accretion. Pre-drill 3D seismic in deepwater and blanket 3D in key growth areas. Knowledge building in new sectors of producing as well as frontier basins. Medium-long-term Strategy Further intensification of exploration in the producing basins to realise the hydrocarbon resources to in-place volume conversion. Exploration spread in non-producing basins and yet to be explored basins to establish their potential and knowledge building. Major shift to deep offshore as the major thrust and contributing sector. Strategic Initiatives Major development projects including IOR/ EOR schemes with an approved cost of Rs. 30,000 crore are under various stages of implementation to enhance crude oil and natural gas production. A new and dedicated business unit viz. Eastern Offshore Asset has been constituted with an aim to put east coast discoveries on a fast track development through an integrated east coast hub. Substantive decentralization of administrative authorities together with delegation of financial authorities carried out to empower the field executives. Induction of new technologies in core areas of EP activities like: Acquisition, processing and interpretation of seismic data Drilling and production technology IT and communication. Materials Management Inventory Management and codification procedure have been implemented and computerized to track and identify the materials efficiently. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY (i) Wind Power Project: Wind Farm Project of 50 MW at Motisindoli in Kutch district of Gujarat is an initiative of ONGC towards its commitment for environment-friendly and pollution-free energy production. The power generated from this wind power project is being wheeled to 101 locations of ONGCs oil field installations/ offices/ residential quarters in the state of Gujarat. ONGC shall be saving about Rs. 30 crore per year on electricity charges in Gujarat, considering the present purchase price of electricity. (ii) Installations of Solar thermal plants: Solar thermal plants in ONGC guest house, hospital, academy hostel, officers club, central workshop, Baroda and colony are already installed. Initiatives have been taken to install the solar water heating system at other locations of ONGC also. Solar panels were installed at well heads of (Bokaro) Jharkhand. 9600 lakhs per day (LPD) capacity of solar water heating system is added in this year and total capacity installed is 38100 LPD. HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) Environmental initiatives encompassed solid waste, liquid effluent, air emission monitoring mechanism for proactive planning to manage waste through environment-friendly technologies like bio-remediation, reduction and recycling options and environmental reporting based on global reporting initiative principles. Several initiatives of long-term and continuous nature like bio-remediation of oily sludge, effluent management, ISO certification of installations on international benchmark standards, Mangroove and Hingal plantations etc. are also being carried out in ONGC. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ONGC is actively pursuing energy conservation measures. The conservation of petroleum products namely HSD, Lube oil and natural gas are important activities. These measures include: Phasing out of old diesel engines more than 15 years old. Awareness campaign on use of bio-diesel as alternate fuel. Use of small DG sets during lean periods in rigs, proper capacity utilization, rationalization and efficiency improvement of equipments, use of energy efficient devices. Substitution of diesel engines with gas engines at installations where gas is available. Increase in lube oil change period resulting in substantial saving. Natural gas flaring has been reduced and the same is being supplied to consumers. Use of small DG sets and waste heat recovery equipment at offshore platforms, rigs, LPG plants at Hazira and Uran. Use of energy efficient equipment and devices such as top drives, linear motion shale shakers, electronic diesel engines, soft start systems and energy efficient lamps etc. Use of gas engines in place of diesel ones for power generation. Thermal energy cost reduction achieved by maintenance of steam traps at processing plants. Conducting energy audit on regular basis and Petroleum Products Conservation Opportunities (PPCOs) are identified. Harnessing solar energy by using solar water heaters/ photo-voltaic panels at various locations. ONGC VIDESH LIMITED (OVL) ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ONGC, was incorporated as Hydrocarbons India Private Limited on 5th March, 1965 with an initial authorised capital of Rs. 5 lakh, for the business of international exploration and production. Its name was changed to ONGC Videsh Limited on 15th June, 1989. The authorised and paid-up share capital of OVL as on 31st March, 2007 was Rs. 1,000 crore. The primary business of the company is to prospect for oil and gas acreages abroad. These include acquisition of oil and gas fields in foreign countries as well as exploration, production, transportation and sale of oil and gas. OVL currently has participation in 39 projects in 15 countries namely, Vietnam (3 projects), Russia (2 projects), Sudan (3 projects), Iran (1 project), Iraq (1 project), Libya (3 projects), Myanmar (5 projects), Syria (2 projects), Egypt (2 projects), Cuba (2 projects), Nigeria Sao Tome Principe JDZ (1 project), Brazil (5 projects), Nigeria (2 projects), Colombia (6 projects), and Venezuela (1 project). OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production is currently from 9 projects in seven countries, viz., Russia, Sudan, Vietnam, Syria, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production in 2009-10 is expected to be 8.142 Million. Metric Tonne of oil equivalent (MMTOE) including of 2.017 BCM of natural gas. The other 30 projects being implemented by OVL are at various stages of exploration and appraisal. The gross revenue of Rs.13,444 crore is estimated by OVL during the financial year 2009-10 with net profit of Rs.412 crore. Further, OVL is pursuing acquisition of various oil and gas exploration and production opportunities in Russia, Central Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East, which are at different stages. Established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities on November 5,1999, as part of the restructuring of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It was respectively listed on the NYSE (ADS code: PTR) and the HKSE (stock code: 00857) in April 2000 and on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code:601857) in November 2007. As at end of 2010, CNPC holds 86.292% shares of Petro China. Ranked 7th by Platts in the â€Å"Top 250 Global Energy Companies† published by Platts Energy in 2010, which was the top ranking among enterprises in the Asia Pacific region for eight consecutive years. Included as a constituent stock of the SSE Social Responsibility index and the Hang Seng Corporate Sustainability Index. Adheres to the corporate policy of â€Å"Caring for Energy, Caring for You† and core business management principles of â€Å"Honesty, Innovation, Performance, Harmony and Safety†. Perseveres in carrying out business in a more effective, safe and environmentally friendly manner; pursues the balance among the economy, environment and society; provides sustainable energy for economic and social development; and creates a better life for people. CORE BUSINESSES Engaged in a broad range of businesses related to oil and natural gas, which mainly include the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, the refining, transportation, storage and marketing of crude oil and refined products, the production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, their derivatives and other chemicals, and the transportation and marketing of natural gas. Chevron is an American multinationalenergycorporation. Headquartered inSan Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries. It is engaged in every aspect of theoil,gas, andgeothermalenergy industries, includingexplorationandproduction, refining, marketing and transport; chemicals manufacturing and sales; andpower generation. Chevron is one of the worlds six super major oil companies. For the past five years, Chevron has been continuously ranked as one of Americas 5 largest corporations byFortune 500.